Nature highlights three key graphics from the week in science and research.
Our first graphic shows how a team of astronomers has, for the first time,. Lone black holes probably litter the Galaxy, but they’re extremely hard to spot. Black holes are typically glimpsed as they interact with other objects, such as companion stars.
To find a lone one, the team used a technique known as microlensing. The researchers looked for stars that appeared to brighten as an invisible object passed by, its gravitational pull bending and focusing the stars’ light like a lens. Very massive objects, such as black holes, affect a larger area of space and so brighten the star for longer.
During a first exposure to a pathogen, B cells that get activated divide rapidly and differentiate into plasma cells that churn out proteins called antibodies. But these short-lived B cells die off quickly, and antibody levels wane. What matters is whether the body makes long-lived B cells that can target the pathogen if it reappears.
Within a month or so, some of the cells that produce these super-binders become memory B cells that circulate in the blood. If they encounter the virus or its proteins, they can rapidly divide and become plasma cells that manufacture antibodies. The rest become long-lived plasma cells that reside mainly in the bone marrow and secrete a small but steady stream of high-quality antibodies.And then there are T cells, another pillar of immune memory.
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