“Expecting expert performance from poorly trained officers is unrealistic,” they argue. “It imperils the safety of officers and the public they serve, and will result in more avoidable situations like the recent tragedy in Memphis”
in January of Tyre Nichols at the hands of five Memphis police officers was a tragedy. In the hour-long video footage of his death, viewers could see the officers fail to use basic policing tactics such as control holds, takedowns and command co-ordination. Instead, they used force incompetently, ineffectively and brutally. Their actions, and the ethical failures underlying them, appear to stem from a lack of training. This is a widespread problem in American policing.
We know, of course, that not all indefensible uses of force stem from a lack of training. Some officers are too aggressive and some lack self-control. Better training can help blunt the effects of those traits, whereas poor training may enhance them. And we know, too, not just from our own work but from broader studies of human performance in multiple disciplines, that the time dedicated to training officers at present is insufficient.
But what training works best? Police training, which is usually received in purpose-built academies, currently suffers from excessive reliance on tradition and received wisdom. Other industries, including medicine, aviation and professional sports, have devoted time, energy and money to figuring out what expert performance looks like and how it can be taught and replicated—for instance, why some nurses are better able to detect crises than others, and how and why pilots make errors in flight.
Governments will need to increase training budgets, but police departments will also need to rethink how they train officers. Too often training is in separate silos. Skills for physical control and emotional control—the communication-based tactic commonly referred to as “de-escalation”—are taught separately. Officers learn the latter in a one-day session with a curriculum focused on enhancing empathy, among other things.
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