Elizabeth Howell, Ph.D., is a contributing writer for Space.com since 2012. As a proud Trekkie and Canadian, she tackles topics like spaceflight, diversity, science fiction, astronomy and gaming to help others explore the universe. Elizabeth's on-site reporting includes two human spaceflight launches from Kazakhstan, and embedded reporting from a simulated Mars mission in Utah. She holds a Ph.D. and M.Sc. in Space Studies from the University of North Dakota, and a Bachelor of Journalism from Canada's Carleton University. Her latest book, NASA Leadership Moments, is co-written with astronaut Dave Williams. Elizabeth first got interested in space after watching the movie Apollo 13 in 1996, and still wants to be an astronaut someday.
on the surface of Europa, which means the new study is focused on to what extent oxygen flushes into the ocean, which is hidden underneath the moon's10-mile-thick ice crust. The ice crust is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
The rate of delivery appears to correlate to brief moments in Europa's geologic history when the so-calledforms on Europa. There are five known"chaos" regions on the icy moon and scientists believe they arose during warmer periods when blocks of melting ice moved on the surface before getting trapped again as fresh ice froze around them.
It's unclear as yet, however, how much oxygen is flushing into the ocean. The model assumes a"wide range of oxygen levels" being delivered to Europa's ocean over time, with magnitudes ranging by a factor of 10,000.
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