Percy Ludgate’s 1909 paper played a crucial role in shaping the early computer industry, although he was unaware of its impact
In a 1909 paper to the Royal Dublin Society, he described the world’s second general purpose mechanical computer. He worked unaware of Charles Babbage’s proposal for the world’s first such computer, the analytical engine of 1834. I haveNow further investigative work by Brian Coghlan , Brian Randell and Ralf Bülow has reinforced how influential Percy’s work was on the history of computing.
Zuse followed with his Z2, replacing the mechanisms in the arithmetic core of the Z1 by electromechanical relays. His Z3 in 1943 added a relay-based memory. The machine was extensively used by the Nazi aircraft industry to solve challenges in handling vibration and stress, including for glide bombs. The Z3 was general purpose, unlike the more restricted British Colossus computer developed by Alan Turing in utmost secrecy for encryption breaking in 1943.
His experiences in controlling the Z4 by low-level machine code inspired Zuse to invent the world’s first programming language, called Plankalkül. Using it, he wrote the world’s first chess program. Zuse submitted Plankalkül as his PhD thesis to the University of Augsburg but it was rejected as he had not paid the degree enrolment fee.
In July 1959, the patent office in Munich confirmed it had found no merit in Triumph-Werke’s objections, and intended to approve Zuse’s amended patent. By early January 1960 – a full 19 years after Zuse’s initial submission – the patent was ready to grant. However, on the 12th January, the patent office received a further objection from a newly-appointed lawyer for Triumph-Werke, Gerhard Hagen.
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