Annabelle Singer was a postdoctoral researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology when she helped develop a light and sound therapeutic system that opened the door to a hopeful future of non-invasive treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
, which engulf pathogens and secrete cytokines—small proteins that alert other immune cells to the cause.
For this study, Singer took a different approach."In the past, our focus was on the diseased state. It was important for this research that we focus on Previously, the team noted the effects of different frequencies on cytokine protein expression—for example, 20Hz flicker could induce neural activity, but led to lower cytokine expression, which can be a good thing. Cytokines are necessary for a healthy immune system, but in the right amounts—cytokines run amok can lead to harmful inflammation.
Indeed, the team saw the effects that different frequencies can have on the microglia, dramatically altering its morphology—its shape and function."Forty Hertz and twenty Hertz were both different from no stimulation at all, and in opposite directions," Singer said.At 20Hz, microglia assumed their ramified, surveillance mode—lots of branches, or dendrites, reaching out from the cell body. At 40Hz, they look more like amoeba, an amorphous blob that eats, or engulfs, pathogens.
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