How are diet and exercise in bodybuilders associated with the gut microbiota and metabolites? MDPIOpenAccess Sydney_Uni bodybuilding exercise gym microbiome guthealth diet metabolism
By Tarun Sai LomteSep 30 2022Reviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc. A recent study published in Metabolites explored the diet-exercise-gut microbiome dynamics in male bodybuilders.
Five bodybuilders with longitudinal blood and stool samples matched with exercise and diet history were selected. They were, on average, 28 years old, 177 cm tall, weighing 77.7 kgs with 4.2 years of experience in bodybuilding. Specimens were obtained eight weeks , one week before, and four weeks after the competition.
The changes in exercise and body composition at PRE1 and POST4 time points were compared to PRE8 as the baseline. The differences in metabolite concentrations between time points were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. One sample from the PRE1 time point was excluded from the analysis due to a failed LC-MS quality control check.
Energy intake was similar across participants and the highest post-competition in four participants. Greater pre-competition declines in energy intake corresponded with a better reduction in fat mass but not lean mass changes. Pre-competition protein contribution to energy was above the upper limit of the acceptable macronutrient distribution range , while carbohydrate contribution was below the lower limit. Energy intake as fat was within AMDR limits.
Across all participants, most microbes were Firmicutes. Serum metabolic profiles of participants were evaluated in fasting and exertion-abstained states. Of the 127 metabolites, nine were found significant by time point. Participants had unique metabolite profiles throughout the assessment.
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Loneliness increases the risk of type 2 diabetes: a 20 year follow-up – results from the HUNT study - DiabetologiaAims/hypothesis Type 2 diabetes is one of the leading causes of death globally and its incidence has increased dramatically over the last two decades. Recent research suggests that loneliness is a possible risk factor for type 2 diabetes. This 20 year follow-up study examined whether loneliness is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. As both loneliness and type 2 diabetes have been linked to depression and sleep problems, we also investigated whether any association between loneliness and type 2 diabetes is mediated by symptoms of depression and insomnia. Methods We used data from the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT study), a large longitudinal health study based on a population from central Norway (n=24,024). Self-reports of loneliness (HUNT2 survey, 1995–1997) and data on HbA1c levels (HUNT4 survey, 2017–2019) were analysed to evaluate the associations between loneliness and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Associations were reported as ORs with 95% CIs, adjusted for sex, age and education. We further investigated the role of depression and insomnia as potential mediating factors. Results During the 20 year follow-up period, 4.9% of the study participants developed type 2 diabetes. Various degrees of feeling lonely were reported by 12.6% of the participants. Individuals who felt most lonely had a twofold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes relative to those who did not feel lonely (adjusted OR 2.19 [95% CI 1.16, 4.15]). The effect of loneliness on type 2 diabetes was weakly mediated by one subtype of insomnia but not by symptoms of depression. Conclusions/interpretation This study suggests that loneliness may be one factor that increases the risk of type 2 diabetes; however, there is no strong support that the effect of loneliness on type 2 diabetes is mediated by depression or insomnia. We recommend that loneliness should be included in clinical guidelines on consultations and interventions related to type 2 diabetes. Graphical abstract
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Dogs can smell when a human is stressed, according to new studyTheir strong sense of smell means they can identify when a person is stressed out, after sniffing their breath and sweat.
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