Is monkeypox a global public-health emergency? Monkeypox MPXV zoonosis emergingviruses 2022MPXV outbreak epidemic IJMS_MDPI uni_ulm UniklinikUlm
By Suchandrima BhowmikJul 20 2022Reviewed by Benedette Cuffari, M.Sc. A recent International Journal of Molecular Sciences review summarizes available knowledge on the monkeypox virus, including its pathogenicity, risk to the human population, and strategies that can help limit its spread.History of monkeypox infection The monkeypox virus is a pox-like disease that was first identified in macaque monkeys at a research facility in Denmark in 1958.
The current monkeypox outbreak On May 4, 2022, a patient with an unexplained rash and recent travel history to Nigeria was admitted to a hospital in the U.K. The diagnosis of monkeypox infection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction assay using a vesicular swab. Countries with confirmed or suspected MPX cases during the 2022 non-endemic outbreak. Regions, where MPX was endemic prior to 2022, are shown in black. The map includes cases reported until 12 July 2022 [8]. The base layer map was obtained from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BlankMap-World.svg .
Animal reservoirs The main animal reservoir of monkeypox has not been confirmed, as the virus has been detected in multiple species such as African squirrels, wild rodents, prairie dogs, sooty mangabey monkeys,Zambian baboons, Colobus monkeys, and chimpanzees. Along with wild animal contact, consumption of bushmeat can also increase the risk of monkeypox infection.
The monkeypox virus has two mature forms referred to as intracellular mature virus and extracellular enveloped virus . Most mature virions remain inside the cell, while few are transported through microtubules and become enveloped. These enveloped virions either propel themselves towards an adjacent cell or exit the host cell through fusion with the cytoplasmic membrane.
The CCP gene is not reported in the WA clade, which might be suggestive of a lower CFR. Additionally, removal of the CCP gene from the CB clade has been associated with reduced disease mortality and morbidity. Symptoms typically appear between five and 21 days until resolving on their own between two and four weeks after the initial infection. However, young children and immunosuppressed patients have been reported to experience severe disease that requires hospitalization, with monkeypox infection during pregnancy often associated with fetal death.
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