Understanding how the perception of risks and benefits influences cancer clinical trial withdrawal outcomes jamanetworkopen
participants rated items on a list of 22 benefits and 23 burdens of research participation on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 . Higher scores indicated greater perceived burdens and benefits. The mean benefit and mean burden scores were calculated to yield the scale score. The instrument development studyreported face and content validity and good internal consistency reliability scores for the benefit scale and the burden scale .
Missing data were less than 6% for variables in the analysis. Twenty participants had missing data for variables used in the adjusted models. We compared distributions of variables for participants with or without missing data and found no significant differences. Because the level of missing data was relatively small and there were no group differences, we used participants with complete data for regression.
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