Researchers review the principles of universal vaccine development for key pandemic potential viruses cellhostmicrobe UniMelb TheDohertyInst vaccine vaccines vaccinology virus virology pandemic
By Tarun Sai LomteJun 16 2023Reviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc. A recent review published in Cell Host & Microbe reviewed the efforts to develop universal vaccines for viruses at family and genus levels.
Pan-henipavirus vaccines Henipaviruses fall into two categories – classical and non-classical henipaviruses based on the ability to utilize ephrin as the entry receptor. Animal or human sera after natural infection with Hendra or Nipah virus can cross-neutralize either virus, laying the foundation for the development of monoclonal antibodies and a pan-henipavirus vaccine.
Equivac HeV’s success as a pan-henipavirus vaccine mainly stems from using the highly conserved glycoprotein and strict receptor utilization, ensuring common neutralization targets. Four NiV vaccines are being developed based on the protein subunit and viral vector platform. Besides, a clinical trial for a messenger ribonucleic acid -based NiV vaccine is underway.
A 20-mer hemagglutinin mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccine using all IAV and IBV subtypes was protective in ferrets and mice, with similar breadth across subtypes. There are 800 influenza vaccines currently in clinical trials, including eight multivalent vaccines, per the World Health Organization . These first-generation vaccines are based on the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain and are ineffective against novel immune-evasive variants such as the Omicron variant. Further, immune imprinting effects have been observed with vaccine breakthrough infections with the Omicron variant, wherein cross-reactive ancestral vaccine- or infection-elicited B cells are recalled. Still, de novo Omicron-specific nAbs or B cells are rarely induced.
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