Biomaterials are materials used to build medicaldevices or implants/prostheses, meant to restore or replace lost or impaired body functions. They are derived from natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic materials. Find out more here. medicine
By Dr. Liji Thomas, MDReviewed by Sophia Coveney They are derived from natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic materials.
Metallic and non-metallic biomaterials are of various types, bonded covalently, ionically or both ways. B. Synthetic 1. Bioceramics Bioceramics are being widely used in hip replacement, for bone grafts, dental implants, and to create artificial tendons. Black pyrolytic carbons are unsuitable for externally visible implants, as in the mouth, but are easy to manufacture and highly compatible with the body’s tissues. They are in use for heart valves, ligaments and tendons, and in composite implants, all of which require great tensile strength.
Where electrical conduction is a priority, inactive metals of the third sort are typically preferred, but biodegradable materials are a better choice when it comes to suture materials. Bioabsorbable materials are used in areas such as vascular stents, intended to provide a long-term but not a permanent framework for repair processes.
Interestingly, though created for non-medical uses, compounds like polypropylene , polyethylene , polymethylmethacrylate , polyethylenterephthalate , and polyurethane resemble body tissues in humans so closely in their physical and mechanical qualities that they are now extensively used in biomedicine.
The adsorptive property of polymers promotes their use as drug-eluting stents . These can be coated with drugs to reduce inflammation, steroids to reduce plaque, or endothelial cells to repair the vessel wall, for instance. Gene-eluting stents are potential developments for the future that could provide a local source of RNA or DNA to inhibit certain genes that cause restenosis.
The alloys are coated with bioceramics or thin polymer films. Sometimes the surface is engineered for these properties. Conversely, titanium wears out faster and may cause osteoarthritis due to its inferior joint surface function. Vanadium is typically found in these alloys and may cause tissue injury over time. It may also, like aluminum, cause neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer’s disease .
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